If you are a Class 12 (HSSC-II) FBISE student, these handwritten notes for Chemistry Chapter 04: Acid–Base Chemistry are prepared strictly according to the new FBISE National Curriculum (2022–2023) and exam requirements.
Only the exam-relevant topics have been included in these notes. Some introductory portions of the chapter are not tested by FBISE, so their notes have intentionally not been made. This makes the notes more focused, concise, and useful for board exam preparation. You can download the complete handwritten notes from the link provided under the Download section at the end of this post.
Chapter Overview: Acid-Base Chemistry
Acid–Base Chemistry is an important and concept-based chapter in Class 12 Chemistry. It focuses on the behavior of acids and bases during neutralization reactions and explains how pH changes during titration.
This chapter is especially important for numerical problems, graphs, and conceptual questions, making it a scoring chapter if understood properly.
Topics Covered
The following FBISE-relevant topics are covered in these notes pH Titration Curve, Strong Acid and Strong Base Titration Curve, Strong Acid and Weak Base Titration Curve, Weak Acid and Strong Base Titration Curve, Weak Acid and Weak Base Titration Curve. Each titration curve is explained in a step-by-step and student-friendly manner, with proper explanation of pH changes before, at, and after the equivalence point.
Important Concept Explanations
pH Titration Curve: A pH titration curve is a graphical representation showing the change in pH of a solution as a titrant is added during a titration. These curves help in understanding the nature of acids and bases and identifying equivalence points.
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration: In this titration, both the acid and base ionize completely. The equivalence point occurs at pH 7, and the pH changes sharply near the equivalence point.
Strong Acid-Weak Base Titration: The equivalence point occurs at pH less than 7 due to the formation of an acidic salt. The pH change near the equivalence point is less sharp compared to strong acid–strong base titration.
Weak Acid-Strong Base Titration: The equivalence point occurs at pH less than 7 due to the formation of an acidic salt. The pH change near the equivalence point is less sharp compared to strong acid–strong base titration.
Weak Acid-Weak Base Titration: The pH change is gradual, and no sharp equivalence point is observed. This titration is mainly tested conceptually.
Why These Notes Are Helpful
Focus only on exam-relevant topics, Easy explanation of pH curves and concepts, Helpful for numerical problems and graph-based questions, Ideal for quick revision before exams. Written from a student’s perspective, making them easier to understand than bulky textbooks.
Download/View Class 12 Chemistry Notes - Chapter 04 Acid-Base Chemistry
Chapter 04 - Acid-Base Chemistry
Final Tip for the Students
Acid–Base Chemistry is a logic-based chapter, not a memorization one. Focus on understanding how pH changes during different titrations instead of cramming graphs. Practicing pH-related numerical problems and carefully studying titration curves can help you score well in FBISE exams.
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