Are you struggling with English Grammar in Class 11 or Class 12? These handwritten English grammar notes are prepared strictly according to the FBISE National Curriculum (2022–2023).
Topics Covered in Grammar Notes
These English Grammar Notes include explanations and practice examples for both Class 11 and Class 12, covering these topics. Detailed handwritten notes are provided at the end for revision purposes.
Genre: It is type of any kind of art form. Its a way of organizing and classifying writing, film, music.
Literary Genre: Drama, Poetry, Prose
Sentences: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. It contains a subject and a predicate. Sentences are classified in two ways: Structure-wise: Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex. Function-wise: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory, and Optative Example: Students are preparing for their final exams.
Punctuation: Punctuation are set of symbols used to separate and classify the meaning of sentence.
Literary Devices: Literary Devices are techniques used by writers to make their writing more interesting and meaningful. They are Simile, Metaphor, Alliteration, Personification, Hyperbole, Irony, Onomatopoeia, Apostrophe, Anaphora, Refrain, Symbolism, Imagery, Antithesis, Enjambment, Flashback, Plot Twist, Tone, Assonance, Consonance.
Conditional Sentences: Conditional sentences are used to talk about real, possible, or imaginary situations and their results. They usually follow an if–then structure, though “then” is often omitted. The main types are Zero Conditional, First Conditional, Second Conditional, and Third Conditional. Example: If you study regularly, you will perform well in exams.
Transitional Devices: Transitional devices, also called transition words or linking words, are used to connect ideas, sentences, and paragraphs in writing and speaking.
Preposition: Preposition are words that show relationships between other words in sentences, typically linking nouns or pronouns to other parts of the sentence. They provide important details about time, place, direction, manner and other relations.
Participle: A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective and modifies a noun. There are two types: Present Participle (ending in -ing) and Past Participle (usually ending in -ed or irregular form). Example: The shining stars looked beautiful.
Gerund: A gerund is a verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun in a sentence. Example: Reading improves vocabulary.
Conjunctions: Conjunctions are words that connect clauses, phrases or words in a sentence. There are Coordinating Conjunctions, Subordinating Conjunctions, Correlative Conjunctions.
Interjections: Interjections are short exclamatory words or phrases that expresses strong feeling or sudden emotions. They can stand alone or be followed by a punctuation mark, and they do not effect the sentence grammatically.
Idioms: Idioms are phrases or expressions whose meaning are not literal but instead understood through common use.
Proverbs: Proverbs are short, wise sayings that often convey general truths or pieces of advice based on common sense or experience.
Phrasal Verbs: A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a preposition or an adverb (or both) that changes the meaning of the original verb.
Denotation: The literal meaning of a word
Connotation: The secondary or associated meaning of a word.
Opinion-Based Statement: An opinion-based statement is a statement that expresses a personal feeling.
Inference-Based Statement: An inference is a conclusion drawn from available evidence or reasoning.
Nouns: It is a word that represents a person, thing, place or an idea. Its types are Proper Noun, Common Noun, Abstract Noun, Concrete Noun, Collective Noun, Countable Noun, Uncountable Noun, Possessive Noun, Compound Noun.
Verbs: A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence or state of being. Its types are Action Verb, Linking Verb, Helping/Auxiliary Verb, Transitive Verb, Intransitive Verb, Regular Verb, Irregular Verb, Modal Verbs, Phrasal Verbs.
Pronouns: A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence to avoid repetition, Its types are Personal Pronoun, Possessive Pronoun, Reflexive Pronoun, Demonstrative Pronoun, Interrogative Pronoun, Relative Pronoun, Indefinite Pronoun, Reciprocal Pronoun, Distributive Pronoun.
Adverbs: An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb by giving information about how, when, where or to what extent an action happens.
Adjective: An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun by giving information about quality, quantity, size, shape, color, or other characteristics.
Clauses: A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. It may or may not express a complete idea. Example: because he was tired
Phrases: A phrase is a group of words that works together as a unit but does not contain both a subject and a verb. Example: in the morning
Infinitive: An infinitive is the base form of a verb usually preceded by to. It can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Example: She wants to succeed in life.
Narration: There are two types of Narration, Indirect and Direct,
Literary terms: They are Theme, Plot, Setting, Character, conflict, POV, Mood, Tone, Foreshadowing.
Active and Passive Voice: In active voice, the subject performs the action. In passive voice, the subject receives the action. Example (Active): The teacher explained the lesson. Example (Passive): The lesson was explained by the teacher.
Anaphoric and Cataphoric Reference: Anaphoric reference refers to a word that points back to something already mentioned, while cataphoric reference points forward to something mentioned later in the sentence or text.
Articles: Articles are words used before nouns to show whether the noun is general or specific. The three articles are a, an, and the. Example: She bought a book from the store
Compound Participle: It is a verb that combines a participle with another word to show time, cause or sequence of actions.
Order of Adjectives
Perfect Participle: the perfect participle shows that one action happened before another action.
Download/View English Grammar Notes for both Class 11 & 12
English Grammar Notes for Class 11 and 12
These English grammar notes are carefully written for Class 11 and Class 12 students following the FBISE National Curriculum (2022–2023). They are useful for concept building, exam preparation, and last-minute revision. Students are encouraged to understand the rules with examples before attempting board questions.
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